quarta-feira, 23 de novembro de 2011

Angiotomografia de coronárias: Perguntas e respostas!

1)    O que é angiotomografia de coronárias? Que imagens são realizadas no exame?
A angiotomografia de coronárias nada mais é que um exame de tomografia adquirido de tal forma a possibilitar a visualização não invasiva das paredes e da luz das artérias coronárias. Com ela é possível a avaliação das placas ateroscleróticas e a detecção de obstrução nas artérias coronárias. Como todo exame de tomografia, utiliza-se uma fonte de raios X que gira em grande velocidade ao redor do paciente, produzindo várias radiografias que posteriormente são processadas por um computador, resultando em imagem bi e tridimensionais do coração e seus vasos. É importante lembrar que apenas aparelhos de tecnologia avançada (tomógrafos multislice com 64 colunas de detectores ou mais) conseguem realizar o exame com qualidade satisfatória, pois possibilitam a visualização detalhada das coronárias e das placas ateroscleróticas de maneira muito próxima ao cateterismo.

2)    Qual a importância do exame? A quem vai beneficiar?
Antes, a única maneira possível de se avaliar a anatomia das artérias do coração de maneira satisfatória era de maneira invasiva por meio do cateterismo cardíaco. Com o desenvolvimento da angiotomografia, agora podemos identificar e também excluir de maneira confiável a presença de lesões coronárias obstrutivas de forma não invasiva. Além disso, também é possível caracterizar a placa aterosclerótica, mesmo aquelas que não causam obstrução da luz. Vários estudos mostram que as informações da presença de isquemia miocárdica e de placas obstrutivas e não obstrutivas nas coronárias são independentes e complementares na avaliação do risco cardíaco. A cardiologia caminha para que a angiotomografia seja utilizada mais frequentemente para o diagnóstico ou exclusão das obstruções nas coronárias, deixando o cateterismo reservado para das intervenções (angioplastias e colocação de stents).

3)    Para quem está indicada a angiotomografia coronariana?
A indicação mais comum da angiotomografia é para os pacientes com sintomas característicos ou sugestivos de angina e que se enquadram na categoria de risco intermediário. O exame também se aplica naqueles pacientes que tiveram algum teste de isquemia duvidoso ou com resultado conflitante com a suspeita clínica. Outras indicações usuais são na suspeita de anomalias congênitas de coronárias ou na avaliação de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca de início recente, na qual se quer descartar a presença de doença coronária.

4)    Quem não deve fazer a angiotomografia coronariana?
O exame não está indicado nos pacientes classificados nos extremos da classificação de risco. Aqueles com angina de alto risco devem, a princípio, ser submetidos diretamente ao cateterismo, pois a chance de haver uma obstrução passível de intervenção é muito alta. Já nos pacientes assintomáticos de baixo risco, não há nenhum estudo que prove utilidade da angiotomografia de coronárias. Também merecem especial atenção, e na maioria das vezes o exame é realmente contraindicado, nos pacientes com insuficiência renal avançada (mas que ainda não estão em diálise) e nos indivíduos com alergia comprovada ao contraste iodado. Nos assintomáticos de risco intermediário reserva-se a tomografia para avaliação do escore de cálcio, que serve para detecção de placas calcificadas (não utiliza contraste) e dá informações não sobre a presença de obstruções, mas sim sobre o risco de infarto no futuro (como se fosse o colesterol da imagem).

5)    Há risco na realização do exame?
Trata-se de um exame de baixíssimo risco. Como há a necessidade de infusão de contraste endovenoso, existe a chance de reações alérgicas. No entanto, esta possibilidade é bastante pequena quando se utiliza o contraste iodado não-iônico (o mais recomendado) e quando se realiza uma criteriosa triagem para identificar aquelas pessoas com antecedentes de reação alérgica prévia. Além disso, o serviço deve estar preparado para o atendimento de reações adversas. Também aconselhamos o uso criterioso e monitorização da função renal nos pacientes com insuficiência renal. Vale à pena mencionar que trata-se de um exame que utiliza radiação em níveis atualmente semelhantes aos da cintilografia miocárdica, e a realização repetida destes exames deve ser realizada com parcimônia sobretudo em pacientes jovens. Em resumo, trata-se de um exame não invasivo extremamente seguro, com taxa de complicações muito baixa.

6)    Angiotomografia coronariana veio para complementar os exames cardiovasculares ou substitui algum deles?
A função de todo exame diagnóstico é complementar uma avaliação ou suspeita clínica. Portanto, a indicação correta do exame é fundamental para que ele ajude o médico a tratar e conduzir melhor o seu paciente. Dependendo da situação, a angiotomografia pode sim evitar o cateterismo ou outros exames diagnósticos desnecessários, como mostram vários estudos recentemente publicados. Em outras situações, a angiotomografia complementa a informação obtida pelos exames que pesquisam isquemia, como o teste de esforço e a cintilografia, contribuindo para a classificação do indivíduo em um risco maior ou menor e auxiliando na decisão entre um tratamento medicamentoso, percutâneo (angioplastia) ou cirúrgico. E, como já dito anteriormente, existem situações em que o exame não tem indicação, como pacientes com dor no peito de alto risco. Portanto, o valor de qualquer exame está intimamente ligado a sua correta indicação.

7)    Como é realizada a angiotomografia coronariana?
Para o paciente o exame é rápido e bastante confortável e seguro. Da entrada na sala do aparelho até o término do exame leva-se de 10 a 15 minutos. Na verdade, a aquisição das imagens principais demora de cerca de 8 segundos apenas. Porém, aqui no CDI, geralmente pedimos ao paciente que chegue com 1 hora de antecedência para realizarmos uma entrevista e explicarmos os passos do exame.
Para a pesquisa apenas do escore de cálcio, não é necessária nenhuma medicação ou contraste. Para a realização da angiotomografia coronária (visualização da luz das coronárias), a utilização do contraste iodado é obrigatória. O contraste é o mesmo utilizado no cateterismo, porém infundido por uma veia periférica (no antebraço) e não na artéria Caso não haja nenhuma contra-indicação, é fornecido ½ (meio) comprimido de Isordil ® sublingual (para dilatar as artérias) e, caso a freqüência cardíaca esteja elevada, é administrado um medicamento endovenoso (tartarato de metoprolol) para, dentro da normalidade e de maneira temporária, lentificar os batimentos cardíacos. Ambos os medicamentos são extremamente seguros e administrados somente na ausência de contraindicações. Logo após o exame, o paciente pode exercer suas atividades cotidianas normalmente.

8)    Por que demorou a ter cobertura nos planos de saúde?
Todo avanço tecnológico, não apenas na área da saúde, necessita de um processo de amadurecimento antes de ser empregado em larga escala. Além disso, muitos de seus benefícios (ou malefícios), assim como análises de custo-efetividade, só são perceptíveis após alguns anos do início de sua utilização. Se considerarmos que a tecnologia em tomografia alcançou seu amadurecimento satisfatório para a realização de exames das coronárias há cerca de 5 anos, veremos que o processo de aprovação veio em boa hora. Participei ativamente do processo de inclusão da angiotomografia no ROL de procedimentos com cobertura obrigatória pelos convênios (desenvolvido pela Agência Nacional de Saúde – ANS) e posso dizer que 3 fatores foram fundamentais para o resultado final: a alta demanda da população pelo exame, a demanda dos médicos clínicos pelo exame e os dados da literatura médica que comprovam que este método tem muito a contribuir na prática cardiológica.
No entanto, é muito importante que se saiba que apenas os exames realizados em aparelhos com 64 colunas de detectores ou mais serão cobertos pelos convênios. Além disso, deve-se exigir que os serviços diagnósticos tenham profissionais médicos que possuam treinamento específico em centro reconhecido de pelo menos 2 anos na aquisição e laudo de angiotomografia de coronárias. Isso é fundamental para a utilização segura do exame na prática clínica.

terça-feira, 15 de novembro de 2011

Ressonância Cardíaca: versatilidade e valor prognóstico!

Uma das grandes vantagens da ressonância cardíaca é a possibilidade de se obter, em um único exame, informações relacionadas à função, volumes e massa ventricular, perfusão miocárdica e presença de fibrose/viabilidade. Vários estudos, utilizando diferentes métodos de imagem, mostraram que todas essas informações separadamente possuem valor prognóstico comprovado em pacientes com suspeita ou diagnóstico confirmado de DAC.
Entretanto, recente estudo publicado no Circulation comprova que estas informações acessadas pela ressonância cardíaca em um único exame possuem valor prognóstico independente e complementar em pacientes com suspeita de DAC. Vale a pena conferir!


quarta-feira, 2 de novembro de 2011

Angiotomo de coronárias vs. Teste de esforço: anatomia vs. função!

Mais um artigo ressaltando a importância da avaliação conjunta de anatomia e presença de isquemia, desta vez com o teste de esforço. Em pacientes sintomáticos as informações da angiotomo de coronárias e do teste ergométrico são independentes e adicionais em termos prognósticos.


CT adds value on top of clinical data, calcium score, and ECG

NOVEMBER 2, 2011 Reed Miller
Rotterdam, the Netherlands - A new comparative study shows that coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) has incremental prognostic value over exercise testing in patients with symptoms of coronary disease [1].
The study, by Dr Admir Dedic (Erasmus University Medical Centre, the Netherlands) and colleagues, published in the November 2011 issue of Radiology, also found that patients in whom a diagnostic exercise test is impossible are more likely to have an unfavorable outcome, independent of traditional risk factors, than those who can exercise for an ECG stress test.
In the study, 471 patients with chest pain but no known coronary disease underwent exercise ECG and dual-source CT scanning at a rapid-assessment outpatient chest-pain clinic. The CT scan identified coronary calcification and the presence of coronary stenosis of 50% or greater diameter in one or more vessels, and the exercise ECG results were classified as normal, ischemic, or nondiagnostic. The researchers were able to follow 424 of the patients for an average of 2.6 years, during which 30 patients suffered a total 44 major adverse cardiac events, including four cardiac deaths and six nonfatal MIs.
The three univariable predictors of major adverse coronary events in the study were the presence of coronary calcification (hazard ratio 8.22), obstructive coronary disease (HR 6.22), and nondiagnostic stress-test results (HR 3.00). A multivariable analysis showed that obstructive coronary disease found by CCTA (HR 5.0) and nondiagnostic exercise ECG results (HR 2.9) were independent predictors of major adverse events and that the CCTA findings provided incremental prognostic value beyond clinical predictors and stress-test results alone.
Exercise testing has been "the diagnostic cornerstone" for evaluating ischemic heart disease for the past decade, Dedic et al explain. ECG's power as a predictor of coronary disease events is confirmed in the study insofar as the inability to perform and complete an exercise ECG predicted unfavorable outcomes, because exercise capacity represents contractile left ventricular function and overall physical health, but ischemic ECG changes were not associated with more adverse events in the study. "Presumably, patients with these changes were treated more aggressively, explaining their better event-free survival," the authors note.

Combining functional and anatomical information
"Because the two tests address a different aspect of CAD, I don't think CTA can fully replace stress testing," Dedic toldheartwire. "They should be used as complementary to each other, focusing on their strengths.
In the study, coronary calcium scores did not add further incremental value over CCTA. "It appears that the information obtained with calcium scanning largely overlaps with the information obtained with CT angiography, while the latter also provides such additional characteristics as total plaque burden and luminal obstruction," the authors explain in the paper. But because absence of calcium is associated with a very good prognosis in this population, Dedic said "the general outpatient population with stable anginal complaints would benefit most from an initial calcium scan, [and then] patients with no or abundant calcium should not undergo CCTA," he said.
Above a certain arbitrary calcium score, the positive predictive value of CCTA drops off and the scans become noninterpretable. For these patients and any patients with an intermediate-sized coronary lesion on CCTA or a contraindication for CT, exercise testing is necessary to assess their ischemia, he said. Also, patients with disease in their left main or proximal left anterior descending artery or in three vessels should be referred to invasive angiography, and patients with obstructive disease in one or two nonmajor vessels should be treated with optimal medical therapy and then reevaluated with exercise testing if necessary, he said.
Patients with nonobstructive coronary plaque appearing on CCTA can be reassured that their risk of future events is relatively low, but they should focus on modifying any risk factors they may have through diet, exercise, smoking cessation, etc, Dedic said.
Although the study enrolled "all-comers," it was a single-center trial and therefore may not necessarily reflect the entire chest-pain population. A large randomized trial is now needed to compare the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of a diagnostic workup strategy including CCTA and exercise testing. Dedic et al hope that the ongoing Computed Tomography Versus Exercise Testing in Suspected Coronary Artery Disease (CRESCENT) trial will provide answers to these questions. CRESCENT is randomizing patients with stable chest pain to one of two diagnostic strategies: cardiac CT followed by stress testing, invasive angiography, or neither depending on the CT scan result; or standard diagnostic management, including stress testing and/or invasive angiography.
The authors have no potential relevant conflicts of interest to disclose. 

Estudo CONFIRM:

As ferramentas tradicionais para estimativa de probabilidade pre-teste de DAC, entre eles o Diamond and Forrester e o CASS, tendem a superestimar a chance de o paciente ter DAC obstrutiva verificado pela angiotomografia de coronárias. É o que verifica o estudo CONFIRM, publicado no Circulation (24 de outubro 2011). Trata-se de um estudo cujo  objetivo principal foi avaliar prospectivamente o valor prognóstico da angiotomo de coronárias.

Tal achado vem de encontro com o grande número de testes ergométricos realizados em pacientes de risco intermediário mas que são na verdade de baixo risco, aumentando o número de falsos positivos (prevalência baixa de doença) e levando a um grande número de cateterismos "brancos"!


Los Angeles, CA - The methods commonly used to estimate the pretest likelihood of coronary disease in patients referred for computed-tomography angiography (CTA) greatly overestimate the actual prevalence of coronary disease, especially in women, new data from the CONFIRM registry show [1].
The study was published online October 24, 2011 in Circulation.
CONFIRM senior investigator Dr James Min (Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA) told heartwire, "We found that our ability to accurately estimate the pretest likelihood was pretty poor, on average, and whatever pretest likelihood estimate we came up with was usually about three times higher than the actual observed prevalence of disease."
"We've put this out as a wake-up call that maybe a lot of these people don't need testing," Min said. "Maybe we're just severely overestimating the likelihood of disease, and in fact we're just wrong on our pretest estimates."
Min explained that the most common methods for estimating a patient's chances of having coronary disease, such as the Diamond-Forrester risk score or the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) criteria, are based on age, gender, and the patient's angina symptoms. These systems were created several decades ago, before statins, at a time when smoking was much more prevalent. These methods were developed for patients referred for invasive coronary angiography but are still being applied to patients referred for noninvasive CT imaging, Min said. "We thought that it was maybe a different population and, for a whole host of reasons, we felt a contemporary revision was needed."
The CONFIRM researchers, led by Dr Victor Cheng (Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA), identified 14 048 consecutive patients with suspected CAD who underwent coronary CTA. The patients' pretest likelihoods of CAD were estimated based on the table of probabilities in 2003 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Associationclinical practice guidelines for management of patients with stable angina. The likelihood of each patient having at least a 50%-diameter coronary stenosis (CAD50) and the chances they had at least a 70%-diameter stenosis (CAD70) were calculated separately and then compared with the findings from CTA images. In the study, typical angina was associated with CAD50 in 40% of men and 19% of women and CAD70 in 27% of men and 11% of women and was a better predictor of the appearance of disease in the CT images than any of the other symptom categories (p<0.001 for all comparisons).
Importantly, the CAD50 and CAD70 prevalence observed in the CTA images was substantially lower than the prevalence predicted with traditional estimate methods. In the overall population, the estimate of CAD50 prevalence calculated with the conventional method was 51%, but the prevalence of CAD50 as seen in the images was only 18%. For CAD70, the estimated prevalence was 42%, but the prevalence seen in the CT images was only 10% (p<0.001).
The marked overestimation of disease prevalence by the standard probability methods was found at all participating centers and across all sex and age subgroups. Min pointed out that the prevalence of coronary disease is more severely overestimated in women. For women, the estimate prevalence of CAD50 and prevalence shown by CTA was 41% vs 13%. For CAD70, the estimate was 26%, but the observed prevalence in the images was only 6%. "We were just really off on our estimates of the likelihood of disease in women," Min said.

A new blueprint for estimating CAD risk
The results of the study "suggest that successfully updating pretest probability estimates of CAD in populations similar to CONFIRM may identify a large percentage of low- or intermediate-likelihood patients in whom additional testing may not be warranted," Cheng et al explain.
"This might serve as a blueprint for people who are considering testing for noninvasive imaging. . . . They can look at these tables and say, 'I thought it was 45%, but it's really 15%, so maybe I'll consider not testing this individual,' " Min said. His group expects to soon produce a list of "parsimonious questions" that physicians can ask of their patients to quickly and accurately estimate their risk of CAD.
Min pointed out that so far all of the pretest likelihood methods provide estimates of coronary disease, not estimates of the likelihood of coronary events. So the next step for the CONFIRM researchers will be to develop global scoring systems to estimate both the risk of coronary disease and the risk of coronary events, he explained.
This study was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

terça-feira, 25 de outubro de 2011

FFR por AngioTC!

Artigo super interessante publicado na mais recente edição do JACC mostrando a acurácia diagnóstica de um novo software utilizado na angiotomo de coronárias capaz de medir a FFR de forma não invasiva.

Ainda em pesquisa, porém com resultados bastante promissores!!!

http://www.theheart.org/article/1299631.do



Noninvasive fractional flow reserve CT could dramatically change angiography

OCTOBER 24, 2011 Reed Miller
Seoul, South Korea - Results of the Diagnosis of Ischemia-Causing Stenoses Obtained via Noninvasive Fractional Flow Reserve (DISCOVER FLOW) study show that the coronary stenoses that cause ischemia can be identified noninvasively with computer analysis of coronary computed tomography angiograms (CCTAs) [1].
"I think it's a potential game-changer, because for the first time you have the ability to look at coronary stenosis and ischemia simultaneously, [and] you have the ability to pinpoint the lesion that is causing the ischemia," DISCOVER FLOW senior investigator Dr James Min (Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA) told heartwire. "You can imagine a scenario where somebody has an abnormal stress test and then you go in and you do an angiogram and see four or five stenoses, but you don't really know which one caused the ischemia." But this new "virtual fractional flow reserve" process—or FFRCT—can quantify the fractional flow reserve for each lesion with the data taken from a CCTA, thereby revealing which stenoses are causing ischemia and ought to be treated, as well as which stenoses do not need to be treated. "We've never before had this one-stop shop to . . . pinpoint the lesions that cause the ischemia noninvasively."
As reported by heartwire at EuroPCR 2011, in DISCOVER FLOW, Dr Bon-Kwon Koo (Seoul National University Hospital, Korea) and colleagues used computation of FFRCT to assess 159 vessels in 103 patients undergoing CCTA. Results of the study are published in the November 1, 2011 issue of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
All of the patients also underwent invasive CCTA and invasive catheter FFR imaging. Ischemia was defined as an FFR of<0.80 and anatomically obstructive coronary disease was defined as stenosis >50% as measured on the CCTA scan. The diagnostic performance of FFRCT and CCTA were assessed against invasive FFR as the reference standard. Of the patients in the study, 56% had at least one vessel with an FFR of <0.80.
Because only about half of stenoses over 50% actually cause ischemia, the specificity of traditional assessment of a stenosis by CCTA is below 50%. "The concern there is that you identify some high-grade stenoses that are angiographically confirmed, but the lesions don't actually cause ischemia." Fractional flow reserve measures how much of the blood flow is being blocked by a lesion, so it is about 25% more accurate than traditional CCTA at picking out lesions that cause ischemia, Min explained.
Per vessel diagnostic accuracy FFRCT and CCTA (reference for both was invasive FFR) 

Imaging technology Accuracy(%) Sensitivity(%) Specificity(%) Positive predictive value(%) Negative predictive value(%) 
FFRCTa 84.387.982.273.992.2
CCTAb 58.591.439.646.588.9
a. Ischemic defined as <0.80
b. Ischemia defined as stenosis >50%
FFRCT can assess stenoses from any CCTA scan—prospectively gated or retrospectively gated—without any additional imaging techniques or changes to the acquisition parameters. Just as computational fluid dynamics can predict the behavior of an airplane wing under different environmental parameters, FFRCT can measure the flow of blood through a stenotic coronary based on the specific geometry of the patient's coronaries and myocardium.
CCTA >50% diameter stenosis [left]; FFRCT 0.85 (not ischemic) [right]
CCTA >50% diameter stenosis [left]; FFRCT 0.85 (not ischemic) [right]
In an accompanying editorial [2], Dr Stephan Achenbach(University of Giessen, Germany) calls DISCOVER FLOW "an impressive first step into what needs to follow, the painstakingly detailed workup of whether this method will translate into clinical benefit when applied on a broader scale and which patient groups are the ones to most likely benefit from this additional analysis.
"It seems to be possible to derive very detailed functional information from purely anatomic data sets—anatomy meets function," Achenbach concludes. "This concept deserves and requires further investigation on a much broader scale and will most likely not remain limited to the relatively confined area of CCTA."

Proving FFRCT in patients
At the American Heart Association meeting in Orlando next month, Min will present results of a substudy from DISCOVER FLOW looking specifically at intermediate-grade stenoses (40%-69%), which present the most difficult treatment decisions. "If somebody sees a 90% stenosis or 10% stenosis, they are comfortable with what to do with that. But when you hit that 40% to 70% range—it's possible that those lesions are ischemic, but you don't know until you actually assess them," Min said.
DISCOVER FLOW was designed to evaluate the accuracy of FFRCT on a per-vessel basis, but the more important demonstration of its value will be its ability to guide treatment decisions for each patient. The DEFACTO trial, which finished enrollment at 17 centers about three weeks ago, is evaluating FFRCT per patient. "That's the big one," Min said. "DEFACTO will be the pivotal trial." Specifically, the 285-patient DEFACTO trial is assessing the ability of CCTA plus FFRCT to determine the presence or absence of at least one hemodynamically significant coronary stenosis in each trial subject. Invasive catheter FFR is the reference standard. Min expects that study to be completed in the first quarter of 2012.
Koo and Min have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose. Disclosures for the coauthors are listed in the paper. Achenbach has received research grants from Siemens and Bayer Healthcare; has received lecture honoraria from Siemens; is a consultant to Guerbet, Servier, and Circle; and is supported by research grant from Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung. The DEFACTO study is sponsored by HeartFlow. 

quarta-feira, 20 de julho de 2011

Trabalho Brasileiro sobre Prognóstico da AngioTC de coronárias

Trabalho brasileiro sobre prognóstico da angiotomografia de coronárias em pacientes com testes funcionais inconclusivos. Artigo brilhante, enfocando umas das principais indicações do método.



J Am Coll Cardiol Img, 2011; 4:740-751, doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.02.017© 2011 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation
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Prognostic Value of CT Angiography in Patients With Inconclusive Functional Stress Tests

Clerio F. de Azevedo, MD, PhD*,Description: {dagger},*, Marcelo S. Hadlich, MD*, Sabrina G. Bezerra, MD*, João L. Petriz, MD*, Rogério R. Alves, MD, PhDDescription: {dagger}, Olga de Souza, MD, PhD*, Miguel Rati, MD*, Denilson C. Albuquerque, MD, PhD*,Description: {dagger}, Jorge Moll, MD*
* D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janerio, Brazil
Description: {dagger}Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Clerio F. de Azevedo, D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30 - Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22281-100, Brazil (Email: clerio.azevedo@gmail.com).

Objectives: We attempted to determine the prognostic value of coronary computed tomographic angiography (CTA) in patients with inconclusive functional stress tests.
Background: Patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) and inconclusive noninvasive cardiac stress tests represent a frequent management challenge.
Methods: We examined 529 consecutive patients with suspected CAD and prior inconclusive functional stress tests. All patients underwent a coronary CTA scan using a 64-slice multidetector row scanner. CAD severity by coronary CTA was categorized as: 1) no evidence of CAD; 2) nonobstructive coronary plaques (<30%); 3) mild stenosis (30% to 49%); 4) moderate stenosis (50% to 69%); and 5) severe stenosis (Description: ≥70%). Patients were also categorized according to a modified Duke prognostic CAD index. Survival analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for baseline risk factors and coronary artery calcium score. The primary outcome of the study was the combined endpoint of all-cause mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarction.
Results: Among patients with inconclusive stress tests, the large majority (69%) did not demonstrate significant CAD by coronary CTA. During a mean follow-up of 30.1 ± 11.1 months, there were 20 (3.8%) deaths and 17 (3.2%) nonfatal myocardial infarctions. Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that the presence of increasing degrees of obstructive CAD by CTA was an independent predictor of adverse events (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.66 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.23 to 2.23], p = 0.001). Indeed, the presence of Description: ≥50% coronary stenosis was associated with an increased risk of events (HR: 3.15 [95% CI: 1.26 to 7.89], p = 0.01). Likewise, the Duke prognostic CAD index was also found to be an independent predictor of events (HR: 1.54 [95% CI: 1.20 to 1.97], p = 0.001).
Conclusions: Among patients with inconclusive functional stress tests, the noninvasive assessment of CAD severity by coronary CTA has been shown to provide incremental prognostic information beyond the evaluation of traditional risk factors and coronary artery calcium score.